AAMFT Consumer Update
Multiracial Families

There are approximately 7 million people in the United States who identify as mixed-race, with half of these being under the age of 18, and it is estimated that the mixed-race population in the U.S. will reach 21% by 2050. Yet, multiracial individuals and families remain marginalized and overlooked by mainstream U.S. society. As a result, the unique issues and struggles they face are often poorly understood by professionals, co-workers, friends and extended family, making it difficult to successfully manage challenges when they arise.

Signs of Racially-Based Struggles in Multiracial Families

All families, regardless of race, encounter challenges and stressors, but there are a variety of unique racially-based issues and struggles that tend to confront multiracial families. To assess if your family may be grappling with any of these, consider the list of questions below.

"Who am I?"

A core struggle for mixed-race people is how to define themselves racially, which is influenced by a host of factors including physical appearance, family values, geographic location, etc. 

Does anyone in your family, especially children or adolescents, have difficulty defining themselves racially, and experience persistent confusion, anxiety, distress, or irritability when posed with this question?

"Whose side are you on anyway?"

Parental conflict sometimes creates "sides" that kids have to choose between, and in multiracial families, this pressure can be racialized. Nea's father (whose is white) and her mother (who is African American and Native American) argue constantly and Nea feels torn between them, including racially. According to Nea, "I'm afraid if I'm too in touch with my black and Native roots my dad will think I'm rejecting him and siding with my mom, and if I'm too white my mom will think I'm rejecting her and siding with my dad."

Are there parental conflicts in your family that, directly or indirectly, create "sides" and do the "sides" extend to racial issues as well?

When the Misdeeds of One are Held Against All

Sometimes the hurt that a loved one causes is generalized to an entire racial group. Christina (who is white) and Carlos (who is black and Latino) recently divorced after Christina fell in love with another man. Their three children, who felt abandoned, have generalized their hurt and anger with their mother towards all white people. As their daughter stated, "You just can't trust white people, they let you down every time."

Has anyone in your family used the hurt and anger caused by an individual as "proof" of stereotypes or negative beliefs about an entire racial group? 

Racial Devaluation

Racial devaluation occurs when negative attitudes and behaviors are expressed toward any of the racial groups represented in the family. This may occur directly when family members make denigrating racial comments, or indirectly through behaviors where lighter or "whiter looking" children are treated more favorably than darker children.

How might you or other family members express racial devaluation? How often does this happen? What effects might this have on the family, especially on children?

Between Brothers and Sisters

While some sibling rivalry and conflict is natural, beware of when it becomes racial. Tensions among siblings around differences in complexion, hair textures, eye color, and facial features often are tied to painful wounds that can strain relationships and compromise healthy racial identity development.

Do any of the sibling conflicts in your family revolve around racial issues? If yes, how?

"Race doesn't matter in our family"

Wanting to see everyone as "just human" and to not make race "an issue" leads some families to avoid talking about race altogether. Yet race and racism are inescapable realities in our society.  Families who don't talk directly about race often fail to provide their children with the racial socialization they need to understand and manage racial realities outside of the family. As Mr. Franklin explained, "In this family, we're all people, so we don't dwell on the race stuff." While a noble ideal, in refusing to address race, Mr. Franklin failed to prepare his son, Mike (half white and half Asian), to handle the "the race stuff" he encountered when he went away to college.

Is it hard for your family to discuss race openly and directly? What messages do kids learn about race and how are they prepared to manage racial issues in the wider world?

When Friends are Unfriendly

Many mixed-race kids experience racial scorn and rejection from peers. Such experiences are painful but with appropriate guidance and affirmation children can cope successfully.

If and when your children encounter racial rejection from peers, do they talk to you about these experiences? Do your children have the coping skills and resources to manage these experiences with confidence?

What To Do If Any of These Signs Are Present in Your Family

If you recognize any of these signs in your family, consulting with a marriage and family therapist is highly recommended. Family therapists are trained to understand, restructure, and heal family relationships. A family therapist may spend some time meeting alone with parents or just with kids, but at all times they are working for the benefit of both the whole family and for each individual member.

What to Look For in a Family Therapist

Seeking the services of a family therapist is similar to finding the right pair of shoes: sometimes you have to try several pairs before you find the right fit. The most important thing is to feel comfortable with your therapist and sense she or he is a person you can grow to trust. It is useful to select a therapist who is comfortable and willing to discuss race openly and directly. One of the best ways to test this out is to bring up the topic of race and observe how comfortably the therapist responds.

Resources

Books on Parenting

Does Anybody Else Look Like Me?: A Parent's Guide to Raising Multiracial Children.

            By Donna Jackson Nakazawa. Oxford: Perseus (2003).

Multiracial Child Resource Book: Living Complex Identities. By Maria Root and Matt Kelley. Seattle: MAVIN Foundation (2003).

Everyday Acts Against Racism: Raising Children in a Multiracial World. By Maureen

Reddy (Editor). Seattle: Seal Press (1996).

I'm Chocolate, You're Vanilla: Raising Healthy Black and Biracial Children in a Race-Conscious World. By Marguerite A. Wright. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass (1998).

Kids Talk Hair: An Instruction Book for Grown-Ups & Kids. By Pamela Ferrell.

             Washington, D.C.: Cornrows and Company (1999).

Raising Biracial Children: From Theory to Practice. By Kerry Ann Rockquemore and Tracey A. Laszloffy. New York: Altimira Press (2005).

Books on Interracial Relationships

Of Many Colors: Portraits of Multiracial Families. By Gigi Kaeser. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press (1997).

Love's Revolution: Interracial Marriage. By Maria Root. Philadelphia: Temple University Press (2001).

Books on Transracial Adoption

Dim Sum, Bagels, and Grits: A Sourcebook for Multicultural Families. By Myra Alperson. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux (2001).

Secret Thoughts of An Adoptive Mother. By Jana Wolff. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel (1997).

Books on Mixed-Race Identity

Check All That Apply: Finding Wholeness as a Multiracial Person. By Sundee Tucker Frazier.  Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press (2002).

The Multiracial Experience: Racial Borders as the New Frontier. By Maria Root. Thousand Oaks: Sage (1996).

American Mixed Race: The Culture of Microdiversity. By Naomi Zack. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield (1995).

 The text of this brochure was written by Tracey A. Laszloffy, PhD.

Keywords: multiracial, inter-racial marriage, ethnicity, diversity, inter-faith marriage.

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Marriage and family therapists are mental health professionals who treat a wide array of disorders, working with individuals, couples, and families. Marriage and family therapy clients report that they are highly satisfied with the services they have received, and research shows that marriage and family therapy is a cost-effective, short-term, and results-oriented form of treatment.

The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), the professional organization representing marriage and family therapists, believes that therapists with specific and rigorous training in marriage and family therapy provide the most effective mental health care to individuals, couples, and families. This brochure is courtesy of:
the AAMFT.

Visit the AAMFT TherapistLocator.net, a public service of the AAMFT. There you will find information about a range of problems facing today's families, and you can search for a qualified family therapist in your area.